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Jean-Georges Noverre (29 April 1727 – 19 October 1810) was a French dancer and balletmaster, and is generally considered the creator of ''ballet d'action'', a precursor of the narrative ballets of the 19th century. His birthday is now observed as International Dance Day. His first professional appearances occurred as a youth in Paris at the Opéra-Comique, at Fontainebleau, in Berlin before Frederick II and his brother Prince Henry of Prussia, in Dresden and Strasburg. In 1747 he moved to Strasbourg, where he remained until 1750 before moving to Lyon. In 1751, he composed his first great work, ''Les Fêtes Chinoises'' for Marseilles. The work was revived in Paris in 1754 to great acclaim. In 1755, he was invited by Garrick to London, where he remained for two years. Between 1758 and 1760 he produced several ballets at Lyon, and published his '. It is from this period that the revolution in the art of the ballet for which Noverre was responsible can be dated. Prior to Noverre Ballet's were large spectacles that focused mainly on elaborate costumes and scenery and not on the physical and emotional expression of the dancers. He was next engaged by Duke Karl Eugen of Württemberg, and later Austrian Empress Maria Theresa, until 1774. In 1775, he was appointed ''maître des ballets'' of the Paris Opera at the request of Queen Marie Antoinette. He returned to Vienna in Spring of 1776 to stage ballets there but in June 1776 he returned again to Paris. He regained this post until the French Revolution reduced him to poverty. He died on 19 October 1810 at Saint-Germain-en-Laye. Noverre's friends included Voltaire, Mozart, Frederick the Great and David Garrick (who called him "the Shakespeare of the dance"). The ballets of which he was most proud were his ''La Toilette de Venus'', ''Les Jalousies du sérail'', ''La dour corsaire'' and ''Le Jaloux sans rival''. Besides the letters, Noverre wrote ''Observations sur la construction d'une nouvelle salle de l'Opéra'' (1781); ''Lettres sur Garrick écrites a Voltaire'' (1801); and ''Lettre à un artiste sur les flies publiques'' (1801). == Early life and career == Noverre was born in Paris on 29 April 1727 to Marie Anne de la Grange and Jean Louys, a Swiss soldier. The couple expected their son to pursue a military career but the boy chose dance, studying with M. Marcel and then with the famous Louis Dupré. Noverre's first professional experience probably occurred at the Opéra-Comique in Paris on 8 June 1743 in ''Le Coq du village''. In his middle and late teenage years, Noverre performed at Fontainebleau, and in Berlin before Frederick II and his brother Prince Henry of Prussia. Appearances in Dresden and Strasbourg followed before his return to the Opéra-Comique. In 1747, Noverre became ballet master in Strasbourg and created his first great success, the exotic ''Les Fêtes Chinoises''. In 1748 in Strasbourg he married the actress Marie-Louise Sauveur.〔Michael Lorenz: "»Mademoiselle Jeunehomme« Zur Lösung eines Mozart-Rätsels", ''Mozart Experiment Aufklärung''. Essays for the Mozart Exhibition 2006, (Ostfildern: Hatje Cantz Verlag, Da Ponte-Institut, 2006), 423-29.〕 In 1750, he became principal dancer in Lyon and created his first ''ballet-pantomime'', ''Le Jugement de Paris''. Noverre traveled to Vienna, where he worked under Queen Marie- Theresa and became Maître de danse for her twelve-year-old daughter, Marie- Antoinette. Noverre and Marie Antoinette’s relationship grew and they became very close. Marie- Antoinette became a protégé to Noverre. In early 1754 Noverre produced a frightening and moving scene that disturbed the conservative queen and he lost his job. He moved to Strasbourg for one year in 1754, and returned to the Opéra-Comique, where ''Les Fêtes'' was staged with great success on 1 July 1754. In 1755, he went to London with his wife, his sister and brother, and his company. There, he worked with David Garrick of the Drury Lane Theatre, learning new concepts of theatre and the then developing natural style of performance. When the London production of ''Les Fêtes'' was completely destroyed by rioters on the eve of the Seven Years' War, Noverre and his family were forced to go into hiding. He continued to supervise dance spectacles at Drury Lane but without billing. In 1774 King Louis XV died and Noverre’s dear friend Marie- Antoinette became the Queen of France. Marie- Antoinette did not forget about her dear Dance Master and appointed Noverre to the Paris Opera. This was Noverre’s shining moment but the loyalty and backing of Marie- Antoinette could switch. In 1779 Noverre was unseated from his position because Dauberval, Maximilien Gardel and Mlle Guimard gathered prominent people and poisoned them against Noverre. Noverre’s fitting effect on the Paris ballet world would be preserved by his staging of the tragic ballet Jason et Medee in 1780. In 1787, Pierre Gardel inherited the throne and Paris Opera and carried out Noverre’s ideas on costume and thoughts on ballet pantomime. (Chazin-Bennhaum) He composed ''Les Caprices de Galathée'', for example, and garbed his dancers in tiger skins and shoes made of tree bark. His naturalist attitude towards costume placed him in the front rank of the French Enlightenment. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Jean-Georges Noverre」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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